What are Line Array Speakers, and Why Are They ...

Line array speakers have revolutionized how we experience sound in live events and installations. This powerful technology, central to many professional audio setups, ensures consistent sound quality across large venues. But what exactly are line array speakers, and how did they evolve into the preferred live sound system they are today?  

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Understanding Line Array Speakers 

A line array is a series of loudspeaker elements mounted in a vertical line. This configuration enables directed sound propagation with more precise control over where the sound goes. The result is a more uniform sound distribution with minimal volume drop-off over distance. This makes line arrays ideal for large venues, where delivering clear and even sound to every seat is crucial. 

The History of Line Array Speakers 

The line array concept isn&#;t entirely new. In fact, its roots can be traced back to the early 20th century, when acoustical pioneer Harry Olsen first demonstrated the line array effect of the narrowing of the beam with increasing frequency. However, the theory of the modern line array, as we know it, began to take shape later in the s. During this period, advancements in audio technology and increased demand for better sound reinforcement led to significant innovations. 

Pioneering Developments 

In the s and early s, L-Acoustics was pivotal in refining line array technology and popularizing it for concert sound systems worldwide. Our introduction of the V-DOSC system marked a significant breakthrough. V-DOSC was the first full-frequency line source array using Wavefront Sculpture Technology (WST). Central to V-DOSC is the patented DOSC waveguide, which meets WST criteria at high frequencies, allowing elements to couple coherently and form a single, continuous sound source. This results in a full-spectrum coherent system, unlike conventional horn and driver assemblies that interfere across their bandwidth. By creating a continuous radiating ribbon, V-DOSC operates as a true line source array, surpassing other line arrays that fail to meet WST criteria at high frequencies. It became the first modern line source array system to achieve wide commercial success, demonstrating the potential for high-fidelity sound reproduction in large venues. 

Understanding the Difference Between Line Arrays and Line Source Arrays 

Regarding professional sound reinforcement, two terms frequently come up: line arrays and line source arrays. While they might sound similar, they have distinct characteristics and purposes. Let&#;s dive into what sets them apart. 

What is a Line Array? 

• A line array consists of multiple speaker cabinets stacked vertically.
• The main purpose is to cover a large area without interference between speakers.
• Traditional line arrays are effective at coupling low and mid frequencies, but they might lead to spherical sound propagation at higher frequencies.
• Each cabinet in a line array aims to act together to cover the audience, but overlapping coverage can sometimes cause non-coherent interference. 

Often, with a line array, the aim is to have coherent summation when possible (LF and MF) and limited overlap in the HF so they don&#;t interfere with each other. This approach can sometimes be flawed, as avoiding interferences between enclosures can be impractical. The result can come at the loss of efficiency, providing inconsistent results for the audience, and inconsistent results outside of the coverage.

What is a Line Source Array?

• A line source array, such as L-Acoustics&#; legacy V-DOSC system, is designed to propagate sound cylindrically rather than spherically.
• This array type maintains coherent summation across all frequencies, including high frequencies, using technologies like the DOSC waveguide.
• The V-DOSC system, for example, ensures that the high-frequency bandwidth is uniformly consistent, both in continuity and phase. It behaves like a theoretical line with no destructive interference in the HF through the coverage and consistent and stable rejection outside the coverage, resulting in behavior that is described as cylindrical vs. spherical.
• As a result, a line source array creates a single, continuous sound source with a consistent and predictable sound field, minimizing interference and maintaining sound quality over distance.

While both arrays aim to provide broad coverage and reduce interference, a line source array can achieve better coherence and consistency across all frequencies, especially at high frequencies, often resulting in greater sound quality and coverage.

While line arrays and line source arrays both enhance sound coverage, they differ in their conceptual foundations and design goals. Understanding these differences can help you choose the right system for your specific audio needs. Whether you&#;re planning a concert with a PA loudspeaker or setting up a stadium sound system, knowing when to use a line array versus a line source array can make all the difference in achieving optimal sound quality. 

The Science Behind Line Array Speakers 

Line arrays operate on principles of constructive and destructive interferences.  Engineers can control the phase interactions between them by carefully spacing and angling the individual loudspeaker elements. This creates a coherent wavefront that travels further and maintains its integrity, resulting in clearer and more powerful sound. 

Practical Applications 

Today, line array speakers are a standard in various settings, from concert halls and theaters to sports arenas and outdoor festivals. Their ability to provide consistent sound coverage makes them indispensable for live sound engineers. Furthermore, modern line arrays are highly customizable, allowing for tailored solutions to meet the unique acoustical challenges of any venue. Like the new revolutionary L Series.

L-Acoustics&#; Contribution to Current Line Array Speakers 

At L-Acoustics, we continue to innovate in line source array speaker technology. Our products are designed with a deep understanding of acoustic principles and a commitment to quality. By focusing on research and development, we aim to push the boundaries of what&#;s possible in sound reinforcement. 

The line array speaker has come a long way since its early days. Through continuous innovation and a solid understanding of acoustics, L-Acoustics has helped shape the evolution of this crucial technology. Whether you&#;re attending a concert or a large-scale event, the clarity and consistency of the sound you hear are likely thanks to the advancements in line array and line source array systems. As we look to the future, L-Acoustics remains at the forefront, dedicated to enhancing the auditory experience for audiences worldwide. 

Let&#;s start the new year off with a question about line array speakers. This month&#;s question comes from Ben in Nashville, TN he asks, &#;I have been asked by my leadership to put together some new sound system quotes. We would like to switch over to a line array system, can you give me some guidance in what I should be looking for?&#;

Every house of worship facility needs a clear, functional PA system. Whether you&#;re a small congregation handling sermons or discourses, or a mega-church with full multi-sensory experiences, sound quality and intelligibility are key to inspiring and motivating the audience. However, as music styles, parishioner expectations, and line array technology all continue evolving, so do the needs and requirements of house of worship PA systems.

For many years, houses of worship used traditional &#;point source&#; loudspeakers almost exclusively. These types of systems provide excellent, functional sound, and they&#;re affordable and easy to mount without affecting line-of-sight in your sanctuary. However, thanks to advances in technology and more affordable and compact options, line array systems are an increasingly popular choice for sound reinforcement in houses of worship. Line array PA systems vertically stack multiple speaker cabinets rather than using a single point source speaker, providing very wide horizontal dispersion.

Today, there are line array speaker systems available for houses of worship of a wide range of sizes, from smaller sanctuaries to large 10,000+ seat worship centers. However, the number of options available can make it hard to find the best choice for your house of worship if you&#;re new to line array speaker systems. Let&#;s take a look at line array systems and the benefits they can bring to houses of worship.

What are line array speakers?

Technically speaking, a single line array cabinet is just a box speaker. However, a line array cabinet is not designed to work on its own. Point source speakers have a defined horizontal and vertical coverage pattern, and have been built to cover a particular (typically rectangular) shape. Line array speakers, on the other hand, are designed to be put together in a vertical stack and have a narrow vertical coverage angle and a wider horizontal angle.

Are you interested in learning more about what is a line array? Contact us today to secure an expert consultation!

Pictured: RCF HDL 10-A Active Line Array Module

For example, the RCF Art 745-A MK4 Active 2-Way Speaker has a 90° x 60° coverage pattern, allowing it to cover a broad area. The RCF HDL 10-A Active Line Array Module, on the other hand, has a 100° x 15° coverage pattern, meaning it has a wide horizontal angle but a very narrow vertical angle. Multiple line array cabinets/modules are then stacked together to tailor the vertical angle to the space.

How line array speakers work

The benefit of using a line array in a space is the ability to adjust the individual cabinets within the stack to target sound at specific areas of the sanctuary. Line array stacks can be precisely angled and calibrated to provide balanced sound both at the front and the rear of the audience. 

Your designer or installation company achieves this by precisely angling the various cabinets in the array to direct sound where people will be sitting while minimizing sound pointing at reflective surfaces such as walls, ceilings, floors or other surfaces that create echo in the space.

For example, in some spaces, line array stacks (or clusters) are hung in a J-shaped pattern to better target the sound. The bottom curve of the &#;J&#; points sound at people near the stage, while the top, straight portion of the stack points sound at those at the rear of the space. This ensures a consistent sound experience for everyone in the sanctuary.

The sound engineers then adjust the amplitude of the individual line array speakers so the speakers pointing toward the rear of the audience are set to a higher output, while the speakers directed at the front are turned down lower, because the sound doesn&#;t have to travel as far. The goal of this is to ensure as consistent a sound pressure level (SPL) across the entire audience to minimize the presence of &#;loud&#; or &#;quiet&#; seating areas.

What to consider when purchasing a line array system

When beginning the search for any house of worship sound system, the first step should be reaching out to a sound installation company or a sound designing professional. They can take the guesswork out of purchasing a line array system and guide you through the process, It starts by using industry-standard modeling software to determine if a line array is a good fit for your space. Once confirmed, there are still a lot of things to consider when making a recommendation for the best speaker options for your application.

First, consider the size and weight of the speakers. Line array stacks are, by definition, larger than point source speakers, and it&#;s important to consider the proposed hanging points to ensure they can handle the full weight of all the modules in the stack.

Secondly, look at sightlines. Taller line array stacks can hang fairly low, and it&#;s important to consider the mounting location and ceiling height compared to where the audience sits within the space. This is particularly true for audience members seated on the sides near the front. Also, you will want to ensure the line array doesn&#;t block the throw of any projectors within the space, particularly if you have projector screens on the sides of the stage, rather than a center-mounted projector. And because the speakers will be visible within the space, you&#;ll need to determine early whether you want your speakers to be white or black.

Another consideration for line arrays is power and signal processing. Some line arrays are &#;active,&#; meaning they have a built-in amplifier that&#;s power-matched to the speaker, as well as a built-in digital signal processor (DSP) that adjusts the sound to prevent damage to the drivers. Loudspeaker drivers are only capable of generating certain frequencies and need to have a DSP separate from the console that is adjusted to the frequency capabilities of the speaker. Having proper speaker tunings (as they&#;re called) and a power-matched amplifier is vital to the longevity of your speaker, and active speakers have both built-in.

There are also a number of  &#;passive&#; line array systems that require a separate amplifier and DSP. These are still fine speaker options, but you&#;ll need to have available space for racks to mount the amplifiers (as well as the DSPs, if the amplifiers don&#;t have DSPs built in), and the rack space should be easy to access for maintenance purposes.

Another consideration when selecting line array speakers for churches is the complement of drivers in the cabinet. This is one of the most distinctive differences between line array options, and it&#;s important to consider the performance and cost trade-offs of the different setups. As we mentioned previously, speaker drivers are designed to only generate certain frequencies, and speakers include multiple drivers of different sizes to generate the full range of sound. Speakers will typically have both low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) drivers, with some speakers also including mid-frequency (MF) drivers as well.

While the arrangements of drivers vary, there are a few common types that you&#;ll run across. The most basic driver setup you&#;ll encounter is a two-way speaker with a single LF driver. When I say a speaker is&#;two-way&#;, I mean they have two speaker types, an LF driver and an HF driver. Line array speakers that have this speaker setup, like the QSC KLA12, are ultracompact and affordable, but the single low-frequency driver offers some trade-off in performance, particularly low-end performance, versus other speaker arrangements.

Pictured: QSC KLA12 Active Line Array Speaker

A step up from this setup is a two-way speaker with two LF drivers. Line array speakers with this setup, such as the RCF HDL 10A we have been discussing, include two LF drivers on either side of the cabinet, and an HF driver in the middle. This can provide better coverage and performance than a single-driver setup, depending on the size of the drivers (more on that in a moment). For even more improved performance, some line arrays are available with three-way cabinets that add MF drivers to the mix. These speakers typically include two LF drivers, as well as one or more MF and HF drivers. By having dedicated drivers to create these middle frequencies, these speakers provide smoother, more consistent sound than two-way line array modules, but are often more expensive.

A related consideration to the arrangement of drivers is the size of the driver. The RCF HDL 10A has two LF drivers compared to the QSC KLA12&#;s single LF driver, but they&#;re similarly priced because the QSC KLA12 includes a 12&#; driver compared to the two 8&#; LF drivers on the RCF HDL 10A. A larger driver is going to provide better low-end performance, because it&#;s physically capable of generating better low-end frequencies. This is why it&#;s a good idea to hear different speakers in action to determine the best choice for you.

If you would like to hear different line array systems as well as portable systems, please attend our LSI/ProSound Web Loud Speaker Demo at CFX in October in Chattanooga, TN. Remember to follow us on our Facebook page for CFX updates and bonus content, Talk to you next month!

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